Hi, everyone. I did this mindmap during E-learning and decided to post it on the blog. I am not sure if everything is correct...

Please click the links below:
http://www.mywebspiration.com/view/449905a9896
http://www.mywebspiration.com/view/450328a1dc9



~Nicole Mui~

rocks mindmap

hello, view my mindmap about rocks at the following website.
http://www.mywebspiration.com/view/448099a92f0

THANK YOU!
~Kimberley~

Rocks mindmap

Here is the rocks mindmap


http://www.mywebspiration.com/publish.php?i=447982a1c457
-Samantha Lye-

Impacts of the volcano:
Negative:
-Destruction of homes
-No transport
-Destruction of crops
-Affects our health(smoke)
-Cause death
-Tourism
-Business

Positive:
-Fertile soil due to the minerals in the lava
-Tourism eg. Hot springs

-Jiayu-

How do geologists know when the volcano was going to erupt?

Geologist uses Plot Geology maps to see the changes of the volcano and also, when the volcano is going to erupt, there are symtoms such as an earthquake.

-Jiayu-

What material spews out of the volcano?

When a volcano erupts, ash, smoke, lava and many other solid, liquid, volcanic bombs and gases. When the volcano erupts, lightnings can also be formed. In the gases bit, they spew out mostly steam, but poisonous gases: carbon monoxide, Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride escapes as well, and can suffocate people even before the ash hits them.It depends on how molten lava is ejected and rocks.

-Jiayu-

What and why do the geologist have to monitor the volcanic activity?

What?
Geologist monitor the Volcanic temperature, water level, mass movement like rock falls, mud flow, seismicity.

Why?
When the volcano erupts, it would not only affect the people living near the volcano but also the Tourism, Health, Flight, and Business of that courtry. Thus, geologist uses the Plot Geology Map which shows changes before a volcano erupts.

-Jiayu-

How is the Volcano formed?

Volcanoes can be formed by Convergent of plates and Divergent of plates

Divergent:

At the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates diverge from one another. New oceanic crust is being formed by hot molten rock slowly cooling and solidifying. The crust is very thin at mid-oceanic ridges due to the pull of the tectonic plates. The release of pressure due to the thinning of the crust leads to adiabatic expansion, and the partial melting of the mantle causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust. Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore most volcanic activity is submarine, forming new seafloor. Black smokers or deep sea vents are an example of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea-level, volcanic islands are formed, for example, Iceland.

Convergent:

Subduction zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. In this case, the oceanic plate subducts, or submerges under the continental plate forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. Water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, creating magma. This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high silica content, so often does not reach the surface and cools at depth. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed. Typical examples for this kind of volcano are Mount Etna and the volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire.


-Jia Yu-

REFLECTION OF THE EYJAFJAJOKULL :

1.What are the geological conditions of an erupting volcano?
Eruption is caused by the diversion of plates. The volcano in Iceland is located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge where the plates are the North American Plate(left) and the Eurasian Plate(right).


2.What and why do the geologists need to monitor a volcanic eruption?

What- Volcanic temperature, water level, lakes, mass movement like rock falls, mud flow and seismicity.

Why- Because of plot geology maps, tourism, flights, business, daily activities, risks the health of people or may even cause death.

3a)What materials are sprewed out of an active volcano?
The materials sprewed out are ash, smoke,lava and many other solid, liquid and gases. In the gases bit, it is mostly steam but poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur, hydro chloride also escape. The escaping gases can make rocks explode.

3b)What is one symptom geologists could rely on in preparation for an eruption?
Powerful earthquakes, a rumbling sound like thunder and if more vents for magma to reach the Earth's surface are formed but sometimes, the people are not able to prepare themselves before the eruption as none of the symptoms may occur.

Some of the world's most dangerous volcanoes are Mount Versuvius(Italy), Popocatepetl(Mexico), Ulawun(Papau New Guinea), Merapi(Indonesia), Nyiragongo(DR Congo), Unzen(Japan) , Sakura-jima(Japan) and Galerias(Colombia).




I would suggest to the icelandic government to evacuate all the people leaving in that area to reduce the negative impact of an eruption.



In my own personal opinion, I don't think the eruption of Eyjafjajokull is the most serious eruption of the decade. Although it is not the most serious eruption,volcanoes are still dangerous. Having volcanoes on Earth may have a few benefits such as increase in the number of tourists, farming, etc. , but also have many disadvantages thus I think having no volcanoes at all would be better for humans as lesser people will die. But it is a part of nature and there's nothing we can do about it.



~Nicole Mui~

Volcanoes

(Google images)

How was the volcano formed?

The volcano was formed due to an opening on the Earth's surface caused by the diversion of plates between the Eurasian plate and the North American plate. Therefore causing magma to flow onto the Earth's surface. Overtime, the lava hardens and form layers and layers,forming a volcano. Eyjafjallajokull volcano is a stratovolcano which means a composite volcano.

Are there any benefits of volcanoes?

Volcanoes do not only have negative impacts on us, it also has positive impacts.Impacts that benefits us are: A natural glass that comes from lava is pumice,it is widely used for grinding and polishing metals,stones and other materials. Dried lava turns into a rock form and is commonly used for building roads. Volcanic ash that have been weathered can improve soil fertility.

Volcanic material has a source of opal, a precious gem. It also has a source of metals such as lead, mercury, zinc, gold and many more. Erupting volcanoes lava releases some healthy gas such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen. When oxygen mixes with hydrogen, it forms water vapour and that begins the water cycle. Volcanoes can also attract tourists therefore boosting the country's economy.

Negative impacts of iceland volcano

Eyjafjallajokull volcano produced alot of volcanic ash therefore disrupting air travel for six days from 15 April to May 2010 across Western and Northern eroupe. Volcanic ash contains sharp debris that can be sucked in by the plane's engine therefore causing it to stall or shut down. Many airlines has lost alot of money due to cancellation of flights as they had to fork out money to pay for stranded passengers lodging.

Why did Eyjafyallajokull volcano errupt?

Scientists believe that the Eyjafyallajokull volcano erupted because of Gobal Warming. The glacier which contains lots of volcanoes underneath it, will trigger erruptions due to the uploading effect.

The changing dynamics in the crust will cause faults to be destabilized therefore causing much more problems. In other words, melting ice sheet can cause both volcanoes eruption and earthquakes.

How do we know when a volcano is going to erupt?

The magma chamber collects magma before an eruption. The magma chamber will get so full that the magma will come to the top of the surface therefore causing swelling. Seismographs can find small earthquakes that shows when an eruption is coming. By measuring the amount of volcanic materials spew out can also determine the eruption of a volcano. Usually, before an eruption, many earthquakes can be felt.

Why and What should we moniter volcanoes?

Why: By monitering volcanoes, it gives us a little warning to when the volcano is going to erupt. Having a warning can help us evacuate in time therefore causing fewer deaths and loss of properties.

What: Volcanic temperature, presence of earthquakes, Ground movement, volcanic gases, water temperature, acidity measurements and new areas of avalanching rocks.

What comes out of a volcano?

Volcanoes spew out liquid, solid and gas. Lava, Volcano bombs, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen Chloride, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Fluoride and Helium. Some of these gases can pose hazard to people and Agriculture.

Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano. Globally, large explosive eruptions that inject a tremendous volume of sulfur aerosols into the stratosphere can lead to lower surface temperatures and promote depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. Because carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, the gas may flow into in low-lying areas and collect in the soil. The concentration of carbon dioxide gas in these areas can be lethal to people, animals, and vegetation. A few historic eruptions have released sufficient fluorine-compounds to deform or kill animals that grazed on vegetation coated with volcanic ash; fluorine compounds tend to become concentrated on fine-grained ash particles, which can be ingested by animals.

Government

Iceland Government has already evacuated affected areas of iceland.

Here's a video(: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GEASDHVtFA&feature=related

-Samantha Lye-

2010 ICELAND VOLCANO ERUPTION

Question 1: What is the geological explanation of how the volcano erupted?

The plates pulled apart from each other, thus making the volcano erupt. The two plates that moved are known as North American plates and Eurasian plates. The volcano is located at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, so the divergent plates moved apart, thus the volcano erupted. Also, the eruption is due to buoyancy of the two plates.

Question 2: What and why go geologists need to monitor a volcanic eruption?

WHAT?: They monitor the volcanic temperature, water level, lakes, mass movement like rock falls, mud flow, seismicity.

WHY?:By studying volcanic deposits, geologists can plot geology maps to show changes before and after the eruption, the risks in the area, for tourism, flights and business near the area.

Question 3:

(a) What materials spill out of the active volcano?

Ash, smoke, lava and many other solid, liquid and gases. In the gases part, mostly steam spew out and some poisonous gases spew out too. carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide are some examples. the poisonous gases can suffocate people before the ash hits tham. It depends on how built up the gas as to how much it explodes. Molten lava and rocks are also ejected.

(extra info: the ash is covered a lot of places in Iceland, including the planes there. Thus there was a huge disruption in the flights not only in Iceland, but also in many other countries in the world.)

(b) one symptom geologists can rely on in preparation for an eruption?

powerful earthquake, rumbling noise and more vents appearing across the land. however, some of these symptoms may not occur, and the volcano may erupt without any warning.

Impacts of Volcanic eruptions:

The negative impacts of a volcanic eruption is that it will affect:

the tourism,

farming (growing of crops),

human population (deaths),

houses (destroyed by the lava),

the quality of air (ash in the air),

the health of the survivors (poisonous gases ejected from the volcano),

the business (of the businessmen) in the area.

However, there are positive effects of a volcanic eruption:

The soil near the volcano will be more fertile than it was before due to the minerals found in the lava spewed. As the lava will harden and cool, people can re-grow their crops and get a better quality supply of them.

The fertile soil also will be able to produce spectacular scenery, thus boosting tourism.

Ash clouds reduce global temperatures and increase rainfall.

Magma from oceanic volcanoes create new land masses.

What have I learnt?

From this, I have learnt about the materials that spew out of the volcano when it erupts. Also, ash spewed out will affect travelling if it covers transportation vehicles.

sources: http://dl.coastline.edu/classes/internet/geology100/IntroLecture_files/image005.jpg

~Kimberley Lim~